Mutualism is an essential ecological relationship. Read about how it works in nature and watch a short clip of it taking ...

A symbiotic relationship is a long-term interaction between animal species that is beneficial for one or both animals. There are different forms: Parasitism: One species is harmed, but one benefits.

The fig wasp pollination mutualism is a quintessential example of an obligate ecological interaction, wherein minute pollinator wasps and their Ficus hosts engage in an intricate and enduring ...

Microorganisms –defined as very small living beings, invisible to the naked eye, comprising bacteria, fungi, viruses or others– naturally compete and cooperate in nature for survival. However, does ...

Heteroatom tin compounds (SSn, OSn, NSn, PSn) composed of heteroatoms S, O, N, P and tin atoms have attracted intense attention due to their wide applications in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical ...

Scientists discovered that swollen-thorn acacias invested more in ant rewards during a drought, suggesting that mutualistic interactions play a crucial role in the plant’s survival, even during ...

Mutually beneficial relationships are common, but what happens when one partner stops enforcing the other's good behavior? An exception to the usual relationship between figs and their ...

Three species of the genus Piper (P. cenocladum C.DC., P. fimbriulatum C.DC., P. sagittifolium C.DC.) from the wet evergreen forest of Costa Rica are associated with ants of the genus Pheidole in what ...

A substantial proportion New York’s forests regenerated following agricultural abandonment around the turn of the 20th century. Many myrmecochorous (ant-dispersed) plant species are lacking in these ...