Equations Developed by Chezy and Manning The first recognized and most lasting “resistance” formula for steady state, open-channel flow is credited to Antoine Chezy.

The friction factor in open channel flow is considered to increase proportionally with wall roughness compared to that of pipe flow because of undulation at the free surface. The undulation is ...

THE general formula devised by Messrs. Ganguillet and Kutter for caculating the flow of water in both large and small channels, under varied conditions, was brought under the notice of English ...