Initially, Israel dismissed the plan, arguing that it fails to address the realities on the ground. The US also appeared sceptical. However, the US special envoy to the Middle East, Steve Witkoff, later downplayed the Trump administration’s concerns, describing the plan as ‘ a good faith first step from the Egyptians ’.

Without third party mediation between Turkey and Kurdish groups, it may be difficult to overcome the many barriers that have stymied past attempts to bring about peace.

President Trump’s actions seem to indicate a hemispheric US foreign policy emerging. There is a bleak logic behind that approach.

Trump’s approach to Ukraine is a test for Europe’s ability to adapt to a world of great power politics. To pass it, Europe should reach out to China.

Following Hamas’s 7 October 2023 attack on Israel, the Israeli government launched a transnational war aimed at reshaping the Middle East by weakening Iran and its allied groups, collectively known as the ‘axis of resistance’,

Emergency programmes are already in disarray, while in the long term, revisionist powers like China will seize chances to build influence.

Following the extraordinary events of 28 February, Europe needs unity and resolve to defend Ukraine and help repair Kyiv’s relations with Washington.

Washington hosted a week of relatively friendly talks. But discussions of European security were not productive.

To secure long-term growth, the government must resist the temptation to fight inflation by letting the naira strengthen against the dollar.

To the Trump administration, pleasing Russia looks like it solves major problems. But experience shows that those who try, live to regret it.

Without the return of substantial numbers of refugees, if and when the possibility exists for them to do so safely, Ukraine’s enormous reconstruction needs will be that much harder to meet. This paper analyses the impacts,